Electronic signature

(a) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. (b) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. (c) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (d) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

(a) This chapter does not require a record or signature to be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, stored, or otherwise processed or used by electronic means or in electronic form. (b) This chapter applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties’ conduct. (c) A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement. (d) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the effect of any of its provisions may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this chapter of the words “unless otherwise agreed,” or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement. (e) Whether an electronic record or electronic signature has legal consequences is determined by this chapter and other applicable law.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b), this chapter applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction. (b) This chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by any of the following: (1) A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts. (2) Title 7, the Uniform Commercial Code, other than Sections 7-1-107 and 7-1-206, Article 2, and Article 2A. (3) A statute, regulation, or other rule of law governing adoption, divorce, or other matters of family law. (c) This chapter does not apply to any of the following: (1) Court orders or notices, or official court documents, including briefs, pleadings, and other writings, required to be executed in connection with court proceedings. (2) Any notice of any of the following: a. The cancellation or termination of utility services, including water, heat, and power. b. Default, acceleration, repossession, foreclosure, or eviction, or the right to cure, under a credit agreement secured by, or a rental agreement for, a primary residence of an individual. c. The cancellation or termination of health insurance or benefits or life insurance benefits, excluding annuities. d. Recall of a product, or material failure of a product, that risks endangering health or safety. (3) Any document required to accompany any transportation or handling of hazardous materials, pesticides, or other toxic or dangerous materials. (d) This chapter applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this chapter under subsection (b) or (c) to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in subsection (b) or (c). (e) A transaction subject to this chapter is also subject to other applicable substantive law.

(a) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. (b) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. (c) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (d) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

This chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by (1) a law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts

This chapter applies only to transactions between parties each of whom has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct.

A party who agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement.

This chapter may be cited as the Uniform Commercial Code — Leases.

the Uniform Commercial Code other than AS 45.01.306 , AS 45.02 , AS 45.12 , and, to the extent allowed by AS 45.07.113 (c), AS 45.07 .

Except as otherwise provided in (b) and (c) of this section, this chapter applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction.

This chapter applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this chapter under (b) or (c) of this section to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in (b) or (c) of this section.

Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the effect of any of the provisions of this chapter may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this chapter of the words “unless otherwise agreed,” or words of similar meaning, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement.

(a) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. (b) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. (c) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (d) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

(b) This title applies only to a transaction between parties each of which has agreed to conduct the transaction by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties’ conduct. Except for a separate and optional agreement the primary purpose of which is to authorize a transaction to be conducted by electronic means, an agreement to conduct a transaction by electronic means may not be contained in a standard form contract that is not an electronic record. An agreement in such a standard form contract may not be conditioned upon an agreement to conduct transactions by electronic means. An agreement to conduct a transaction by electronic means may not be inferred solely from the fact that a party has used electronic means to pay an account or register a purchase or warranty. This subdivision may not be varied by agreement.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subdivisions (b) and (c), this title applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction. (b) This title does not apply to transactions subject to any of the following laws: (1) A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts. (2) Division 1 (commencing with Section 1101) of the Uniform Commercial Code, except Sections 1206 and 1306. (3) Divisions 3 (commencing with Section 3101), 4 (commencing with Section 4101), 5 (commencing with Section 5101), 8 (commencing with Section 8101), 9 (commencing with Section 9101), and 11 (commencing with Section 11101) of the Uniform Commercial Code. (4) A law that requires that specifically identifiable text or disclosures in a record or a portion of a record be separately signed, including initialed, from the record. However, this paragraph does not apply to Section 1677 or 1678 of this code or Section 1298 of the Code of Civil Procedure.

(c) A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. If a seller sells goods or services by both electronic and nonelectronic means and a buyer purchases the goods or services by conducting the transaction by electronic means, the buyer may refuse to conduct further transactions regarding the goods or services by electronic means. This subdivision may not be varied by agreement.

(d) This title applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this title under subdivision (b) when used for a transaction subject to a law other than those specified in subdivision (b). (e) A transaction subject to this title is also subject to other applicable substantive law. (f) The exclusion of a transaction from the application of this title under subdivision (b) or (c) shall be construed only to exclude the transaction from the application of this title, but shall not be construed to prohibit the transaction from being conducted by electronic means if the transaction may be conducted by electronic means under any other applicable law. (g) Notwithstanding subdivisions (b) and (c), this title shall apply to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to transactions conducted by a person licensed, certified, or registered pursuant to the Alarm Company Act (Chapter 11.6 (commencing with Section 7590) of Division 3 of the Business and Professions Code) for purposes of activities authorized by Section 7599.54 of the Business and Professions Code.

(a) An electronic record or electronic signature is attributable to a person if it was the act of the person. The act of the person may be shown in any manner, including a showing of the efficacy of any security procedure applied to determine the person to which the electronic record or electronic signature was attributable. (b) The effect of an electronic record or electronic signature attributed to a person under subdivision (a) is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances at the time of its creation, execution, or adoption, including the parties’ agreement, if any, and otherwise as provided by law.

(c) This title does not apply to any specific transaction described in Section 17511.5 of the Business and Professions Code, Section 798.14, 1133, or 1134 of, Section 1689.6, 1689.7, or 1689.13 of, Chapter 2.5 (commencing with Section 1695) of Title 5 of Part 2 of Division 3 of, Section 1720, 1785.15, 1789.14, 1789.16, or 1793.23 of, Chapter 1 (commencing with Section 1801) of Title 2 of Part 4 of Division 3 of, Section 1861.24, 1862.5, 1917.712, 1917.713, 1950.6, 1983, 2924b, 2924c, 2924f, 2924i, 2924j, 2924.3, or 2937 of, Article 1.5 (commencing with Section 2945) of Chapter 2 of Title 14 of Part 4 of Division 3 of, Section 2954.5 or 2963 of, Chapter 2b (commencing with Section 2981) or 2d (commencing with Section 2985.7) of Title 14 of Part 4 of Division 3 of, Section 3071.5 of, Part 5 (commencing with Section 4000) of Division 4 of, or Part 5.3 (commencing with Section 6500) of Division 4 of, this code, subdivision (b) of Section 18608 or Section 22328 of the Financial Code, Section 1358.15, 1365, 1368.01, 1368.1, 1371, or 18035.5 of the Health and Safety Code, Section 786 as it applies to individual and group disability policies, 10199.44, 10199.46, 10235.16, 10235.40, 11624.09, or 11624.1 of the Insurance Code, Section 779.1, 10010.1, or 16482 of the Public Utilities Code, or Section 9975 or 11738 of the Vehicle Code. An electronic record may not be substituted for any notice that is required to be sent pursuant to Section 1162 of the Code of Civil Procedure. This subdivision does not prohibit the recordation of any document with a county recorder by electronic means.

(h) “Electronic signature” means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with an electronic record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the electronic record. For purposes of this title, a “digital signature” as defined in subdivision (d) of Section 16.5 of the Government Code is a type of electronic signature.

This title applies to any electronic record or electronic signature created, generated, sent, communicated, received, or stored on or after January 1, 2000.

(d) Except as otherwise provided in this title, the effect of any of its provisions may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this title of the words “unless otherwise agreed,” or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement.

A provision in a contract to purchase and sell real property liquidating the damages to the seller if the buyer fails to complete the purchase of the property is invalid unless: (a) The provision is separately signed or initialed by each party to the contract; and (b) If the provision is included in a printed contract, it is set out either in at least 10-point bold type or in contrasting red print in at least eight-point bold type.

If more than one payment made by the buyer is to constitute liquidated damages under Section 1675, the amount of any payment after the first payment is valid as liquidated damages only if (1) the total of all such payments satisfies the requirements of Section 1675 and (2) a separate liquidated damages provision satisfying the requirements of Section 1677 is separately signed or initialed by each party to the contract for each such subsequent payment.

(c) Immediately before the line or space provided for the parties to indicate their assent or nonassent to the arbitration provision described in subdivision (a) or (b), and immediately following that arbitration provision, the following shall appear: “NOTICE: BY INITIALLING IN THE SPACE BELOW YOU ARE AGREEING TO HAVE ANY DISPUTE ARISING OUT OF THE MATTERS INCLUDED IN THE ‛ARBITRATION OF DISPUTES’ PROVISION DECIDED BY NEUTRAL ARBITRATION AS PROVIDED BY CALIFORNIA LAW AND YOU ARE GIVING UP ANY RIGHTS YOU MIGHT POSSESS TO HAVE THE DISPUTE LITIGATED IN A COURT OR JURY TRIAL. BY INITIALLING IN THE SPACE BELOW YOU ARE GIVING UP YOUR JUDICIAL RIGHTS TO DISCOVERY AND APPEAL, UNLESS THOSE RIGHTS ARE SPECIFICALLY INCLUDED IN THE ‛ARBITRATION OF DISPUTES’ PROVISION. IF YOU REFUSE TO SUBMIT TO ARBITRATION AFTER AGREEING TO THIS PROVISION, YOU MAY BE COMPELLED TO ARBITRATE UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE CALIFORNIA CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE. YOUR AGREEMENT TO THIS ARBITRATION PROVISION IS VOLUNTARY.” “WE HAVE READ AND UNDERSTAND THE FOREGOING AND AGREE TO SUBMIT DISPUTES ARISING OUT OF THE MATTERS INCLUDED IN THE ‛ARBITRATION OF DISPUTES’ PROVISION TO NEUTRAL ARBITRATION.” If the above provision is included in a printed contract, it shall be set out either in at least 10-point bold type or in contrasting red print in at least 8-point bold type, and if the provision is included in a typed contract, it shall be set out in capital letters.

(a) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because the record or signature is in electronic form. (b) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in the formation of the contract. (c) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (d) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

(b) Sections 1-266 to 1-286 , inclusive, apply only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context of the transaction and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct.

(b) Sections 1-266 to 1-286 , inclusive, do not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: (1) A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils or testamentary trusts; or (2) Except to the extent provided in section 1-281 , the Uniform Commercial Code, other than section 42a-1-306 and articles 2 and 2A of title 42a.

(a) As used in this section, “transferable record” means an electronic record that: (1) Would be a note under article 3 of title 42a, or other similar law, or a document under article 7 of title 42a, or other similar law, if the electronic record were in writing; and (2) The issuer of the electronic record expressly has agreed is a transferable record.

Sections 1-266 to 1-286 , inclusive, apply to any electronic record or electronic signature created, generated, sent, communicated, received or stored on or after October 1, 2002.

(2) Unless a notice is subject to the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 USC 7003, sections 1-266 to 1-286 , inclusive, do not apply to a notice to the extent that it is governed by a law requiring the furnishing of:

(A) Notice of the cancellation or termination of utility services, including water, heat, gas, cable television or other services, oil, telephone and electric power; (B) Notice of default, acceleration, repossession, foreclosure or eviction, or the right to cure, under a credit agreement secured by, or a rental agreement for, a primary residence of an individual; (C) Notice of the cancellation or termination of health insurance or benefits or life insurance benefits, excluding annuities; (D) Notice of the recall of a product, or the material failure of a product, that risks endangering health or safety; or (E) Any document required to accompany any transportation or handling of hazardous materials, pesticides or other toxic or dangerous materials.

(d) Sections 1-266 to 1-286 , inclusive, do not apply to any of the rules of court practice and procedure under the Connecticut Practice Book.

(e) Sections 1-266 to 1-286 , inclusive, apply to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of sections 1-266 to 1-286 , inclusive, under subsection (b), (c) or (d) of this section to the extent that the electronic record or electronic signature is governed by a law other than those specified in subsection (b), (c) or (d) of this section.

Sections 1-266 to 1-286 , inclusive, shall be known and may be cited as the “Connecticut Uniform Electronic Transactions Act”.

(8) “Electronic signature” means an electronic sound, symbol or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.

(16) “Transaction” means an action or set of actions occurring between two or more persons relating to the conduct of business, consumer, commercial, charitable or governmental affairs.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) or (c) of this section, sections 1-266 to 1-286 , inclusive, apply to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction.

(c) (1) Sections 1-266 to 1-286 , inclusive, apply to a transaction governed by the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 USC 7001 et seq., but are not intended to limit, modify or supersede the provisions of 15 USC 7001(c); and

(f) A transaction subject to sections 1-266 to 1-286 , inclusive, is also subject to other applicable substantive law.

(d) Except as otherwise provided in sections 1-266 to 1-286 , inclusive, the effect of any provision of sections 1-266 to 1-286 , inclusive, may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of sections 1-266 to 1-286 , inclusive, of the words “unless otherwise agreed”, or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement. (e) Whether an electronic record or electronic signature has legal consequences is determined by sections 1-266 to 1-286 , inclusive, and other applicable law.

(a) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. (b) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. (c) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (d) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

(b) This chapter applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties’ conduct. (c) A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement. (d) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the effect of any of its provisions may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this chapter of the words “unless otherwise agreed,” or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement.

A judicial forum specified in an agreement is not exclusive unless the agreement expressly so provides.

This chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: (1) A law governing the creation and execution of wills or codicils; (2) The Uniform Commercial Code other than Sections 1-107 [see now Section 1-306] and 1-206 [former version of Section 1-206, to which this reference referred, has been repealed], Article 2, and Article 2A; (3) The Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act; (4) The General Corporation Law of the State [§§ 101 to 398 of Title 8], the Delaware Professional Service Corporation Act [§ 601 et seq. of Title 8], the Delaware Revised Uniform Partnership Act [§ 15-101 et seq. of this title], the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act [§ 17-101 et seq. of this title], the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act [§ 18-101 et seq. of this title], the Delaware Uniform Partnership Law and the Delaware Statutory Trust Act [§ 3801 et seq. of Title 12]; (5) The Corporation Law for State Banks and Trust Companies, Credit Card Institutions and the Corporation Law for State Savings Banks in Chapters 7, 15 and 16, respectively, of Title 5. (c) This chapter applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this chapter under subsection (b) of this section to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in subsection (b) of this section. (d) A transaction subject to this chapter is also subject to other applicable substantive law.

(a) The parties to an electronic contract may choose an exclusive judicial forum; provided, however, that the provisions of §§ 1-301 and 2708 of this title shall apply to such choice; provided further that if the contract is a consumer contract the choice is not enforceable if such choice is unreasonable and unjust.

(c) A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement.

No action shall be brought to charge any person upon any agreement made upon consideration of marriage, or upon any contract or sale of lands, tenements, or hereditaments, or any interest in or concerning them, or upon any agreement that is not to be performed within the space of 1 year from the making thereof, or to charge any person to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage, of another, in any sum of the value of $25 and upwards, unless the contract is reduced to writing, or some memorandum, or notes thereof, are signed by the party to be charged therewith, or some other person thereunto by the party lawfully authorized in writing; except for goods, wares and merchandise, sold and delivered, money loaned and other matters which are properly chargeable in an account, in which case the oath or affirmation of the plaintiff, together with a record regularly and fairly kept, shall be allowed to be given in evidence in order to charge the defendant with the sums therein contained.

(7) LEGAL RECOGNITION OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS, ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES, AND ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS.—(a) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because the record or signature is in electronic form. (b) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in the formation of the contract. (c) If a provision of law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies such provision. (d) If a provision of law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies such provision.

(5) USE OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS AND ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES; VARIATION BY AGREEMENT.—(a) This section does not require a record or signature to be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, stored, or otherwise processed or used by electronic means or in electronic form. (b) This section applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties’ conduct.

(c) A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this paragraph may not be waived by agreement. (d) Except as otherwise provided in this section, the effect of any provision of this section may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this section of the words “unless otherwise agreed,” or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement.

(3) SCOPE.—(a) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (b), this section applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction. (b) This section does not apply to a transaction to the extent the transaction is governed by:1. A provision of law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts; 2. The Uniform Commercial Code other than s. 671.107 and chapters 672 and 680; or 3. The Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act. (c) Except with respect to subsections (2), (9), and (11), this section does not apply to a transaction to the extent the transaction is governed by rules relating to judicial procedure. (d) This section applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded under paragraph (b) to the extent such record or signature is governed by a provision of law other than those specified in paragraph (b). (e) A transaction subject to this section is also subject to other applicable provisions of substantive law.

(12) RETENTION OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS; ORIGINALS.—(a) If a law requires that a record be retained, the requirement is satisfied by retaining an electronic record of the information in the record which:1. Accurately reflects the information set forth in the record after the record was first generated in final form as an electronic record or otherwise. 2. Remains accessible for later reference. (b) A requirement to retain a record in accordance with paragraph (a) does not apply to any information the sole purpose of which is to enable the record to be sent, communicated, or received.

(4) PROSPECTIVE APPLICATION.—This section applies to any electronic record or electronic signature created, generated, sent, communicated, received, or stored on or after July 1, 2000.

(p) “Transaction” means an action or set of actions occurring between two or more persons relating to the conduct of business, commercial, insurance, or governmental affairs.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, this chapter applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction. (b) This chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: (1) A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils or testamentary trusts; and (2) The uniform commercial code, other than section 28-1-306, Idaho Code, chapter 2, title 28, Idaho Code (uniform commercial code — sales), and chapter 12, title 28, Idaho Code (uniform commercial code — leases).

A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form.

A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation.

(c) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (d) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

(e) If a law requires any notice or other record to be sent by certified mail, the record may, with the express consent of the recipient, be transmitted electronically.

(a) This chapter does not require a record or signature to be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, stored, or otherwise processed or used by electronic means or in electronic form.

This chapter applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties’ conduct.

A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement.

(d) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the effect of any of its provisions may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this chapter of the words "unless otherwise agreed," or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement.

(a) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. (b) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. (c) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (d) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

(a) This Act does not require a record or signature to be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, stored, or otherwise processed or used by electronic means or in electronic form.

(d) Except as otherwise provided in this Act, the effect of any of its provisions may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this Act of the words "unless otherwise agreed", or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement. (e) Whether an electronic record or electronic signature has legal consequences is determined by this Act and other applicable law.

This Act applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b), this Act applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction. (b) This Act does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: (1) a law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts; (2) The Uniform Commercial Code other than Sections 1-107 and 1-206, Article 2, and Article 2A.

(c) A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement.

(c) This Act applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this Act under subsection (b) to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in subsection (b). (d) A transaction subject to this Act is also subject to other applicable substantive law.

(a) An electronic record or electronic signature is attributable to a person if it was the act of the person. The act of the person may be shown in any manner, including a showing of the efficacy of any security procedure applied to determine the person to which the electronic record or electronic signature was attributable.

(b) The effect of an electronic record or electronic signature attributed to a person under subsection (a) shall be determined from the context and surrounding circumstances at the time of its creation, execution, or adoption, including the parties' agreement, if any, and otherwise as provided by law.

A record or signature shall not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form.

If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law.

Except as provided in subsection 2, this chapter applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction.

This chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by any of the following: a. A law governing the creation or execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts. b. Chapter 554 other than chapter 554, articles 2 and 13, and section 554.1306.

This chapter applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties’ conduct.

A party who agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement.

A contract shall not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation.

If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

A transaction subject to this chapter is also subject to other applicable substantive law.

This chapter does not require a record or signature to be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, stored, or otherwise processed or used by electronic means or in electronic form.

Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the effect of any of its provisions may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this chapter of the words “unless otherwise agreed”, or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement.

A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. (b) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. (c) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (d) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b), this act applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction. (b) This act does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: (1) A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils or testamentary trusts; and (2) the uniform commercial code, other than K.S.A. 2025 Supp. 84-1-306 and articles 2 and 2a of chapter 84 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, and amendments thereto.

This act applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this act under subsection (b) to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in subsection (b).

This act applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct.

A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement.

"Electronic signature" means an electronic sound, symbol or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.

Sigg cites no authority for her conclusion that the Coltranes’ electronically drafting and e-mailing a document constitutes an electronic signature as contemplated by the Act. There is no evidence in the record that either the e-mail cover sheet or the “Offer to Purchase Real Estate” attached to it bears the electronic signature of either Daniel or Tanya Coltrane as defined by the Act. Instead, Sigg’s position would require us to endorse the proposition that because the “Offer to Purchase Real Estate” was sent electronically to the daughter of Sigg’s agent that that alone constitutes a signature. This is simply not the law under K.S.A. 16-1601 et seq.

Moreover, there is no evidence that this transaction meets the requirements of K.S.A. 16-1605(b): “This act applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties conduct.” There is absolutely nothing in the record that indicates that Sigg and the Coltranes agreed to conduct their transactions by electronic means. In fact, there is nothing in the record that establishes any actual agreement existed between Sigg and the Coltranes.

(d) Except as otherwise provided in this act, the effect of any of its provisions may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this act of the words "unless otherwise agreed", or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement.

(d) A transaction subject to this act is also subject to other applicable substantive law.

"Electronic signature" means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.

To constitute an electronic signature, however, the “electronic sound, symbol, or process ... associated with a record” must be executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record. La. R.S. 9:2602. There must be a showing that the signer intended to do a legally significant act.

Here, the initials or other name indications on the messages here do not establish that Cohn and Bourgeois intended those to be electronic signatures for purposes of the Louisiana Uniform Electronic Transactions Act.

This Chapter may be cited as the "Louisiana Uniform Electronic Transactions Act".

A transfer of immovable property must be made by authentic act or by act under private signature. Nevertheless, an oral transfer is valid between the parties when the property has been actually delivered and the transferor recognizes the transfer when interrogated on oath.

If the price or value is in excess of five hundred dollars, the contract must be proved by at least one witness and other corroborating circumstances.

A. A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. B. A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. C. If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. D. If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

B. This Chapter shall not apply to: (1) A transaction to the extent it is governed by a law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts. (2) A transaction to the extent it is governed by the provisions of Title 10 of the Louisiana Revised Statutes of 1950. (3) (Reserved). (4)(a) Repealed by Acts 2021, No. 68, §3, eff. Jan. 1, 2022. (b) Any notice of any of the following: (i) The cancellation or termination of utility services, including water, heat, and power. (ii) Default, acceleration, repossession, foreclosure, or eviction, or the right to cure, under a credit agreement secured by, or a rental agreement for, a primary residence of an individual. (iii) The cancellation or termination of health insurance or benefits or life insurance benefits, excluding annuities. (iv) Recall of a product, or material failure of a product, that risks endangering health or safety. (c) Any document required to accompany any transportation or handling of hazardous materials, pesticides, or other toxic or dangerous materials. (d) Publications required by law to be published in the official journals provided for in Chapter 2, 4, or 5 of Title 43 of the Louisiana Revised Statutes of 1950.

A. Except as otherwise provided in Subsection B of this Section, this Chapter applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction.

C. This Chapter applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this Chapter under Subsection B of this Section to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified by Subsection B of this Section. D. A transaction subject to this Chapter is also subject to other applicable substantive law.

Louisiana law recognizes electronic communications and electronic signatures, through the Louisiana Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, La. R.S. 9:2601 et seq. “A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form.” La. R.S. 9:2607(A). “A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation.” La. R.S. 9:2607(B). If a law requires a record to be in writing, or if the law requires a signature, an electronic record or an electronic signature satisfies the law. La. R.S. 9:2607(C)-(D).

An electronic record or electronic signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form.

If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law.

If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

This chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: A. A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils or testamentary trusts; and [PL 1999, c. 762, §2 (NEW).] B. The Uniform Commercial Code other than Title 11, section 1‑1306 and Articles 2 and 2‑A .

This chapter does not require a record or signature to be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, stored or otherwise processed or used by electronic means or in electronic form.

This chapter applies only to transactions between parties, each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct.

Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the effect of any of the provisions of this chapter may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this chapter of the words "unless otherwise agreed," or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement.

An email or other electronic record can constitute a signed writing based on the historically broad interpretation of the term “writing” in the statute of frauds and, separately, based on the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA), 10 M.R.S. §§ 9401-9420.

The UETA provides that an electronic record, such as an email, cannot be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is electronic or because an electronic record was used in its formation.

Almost any form of writing will satisfy the statute of frauds, including receipts, letters, record books, or computer entries.

Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to McClare as the non-prevailing party, Rainey, 2010 ME 56, ¶ 23, 998 A.2d 342, the emails and the circumstances surrounding the parties’ course of dealings are sufficient indicators of the formation of a contract to survive summary judgment; however, there remain genuine issues of material fact as to whether the parties agreed to conduct the transaction by electronic means and whether the parties, in fact, formed a contract. Thus, the court erred in entering summary judgment. 13 The entry is: Judgment vacated. Remand to the Superior Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

unless the promise, contract or agreement on which such action is brought, or some memorandum or note thereof, is in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith, or by some person thereunto lawfully authorized; but the consideration thereof need not be expressed therein, and may be proved otherwise.

A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation.

Section 325L.08 provides that “[i]f parties have agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means and a law requires a person to ... send ... information in writing to another person, the requirement is satisfied if the information is ... sent ... in an electronic record capable of retention by the recipient at the time of receipt.” Minn.Stat. § 325L.08(a) (2012).

The Turners argue that an agreement to receive an order electronically must be explicit. Nothing in the statute imposes such a requirement. Section 325L.08 requires only that the “parties have agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means,” id., and agreement means “the bargain of the parties” and can be inferred from the circumstances, Minn. Stat. § 325L.02(a) (2012). Brian Turner twice asked the specialist to communicate with him by e-mail — the second time only days before the Commissioner issued the order — and corresponded with the specialist electronically for several months. The tax court’s finding that Brian Turner agreed to conduct the audit by electronic means, as required under section 325L.08(a), was not clearly erroneous because it was “reasonably supported by the evidence as a whole,” Cont’l Retail, LLC v. Cnty. of Hennepin, 801 N.W.2d 395, 398 (Minn.2011).

Section 325L.08 does reflect concern about outside interference with electronic access, but only “if the sender or its information processing system inhibits the ability of the recipient to print or store the electronic record.” Minn.Stat. § 325L.08(a); accord Minn.Stat. § 325L.08(e) (2012) (governing when an “electronic record is not enforceable against the recipient”).

III. For the foregoing reasons, the tax court did not err by dismissing the Turners’ appeal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Affirmed.

A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form.

An electronic record or electronic signature is attributable to a person if it was the act of the person. The act of the person may be shown in any manner, including a showing of the efficacy of any security procedure applied to determine the person to which the electronic record or electronic signature was attributable.

A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation.

If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (4) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

The effect of an electronic record or electronic signature attributed to a person under subsection (1) is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances at the time of its creation, execution, or adoption, including the parties' agreement, if any, and otherwise as provided by law.

72-31-366. Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act. This part modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. 7001, et seq., but does not modify, limit, or supersede section 101(c) of that act, 15 U.S.C. 7001(c), or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in section 103(b) of that act, 15 U.S.C. 7003(b).

This part does not require a record or signature to be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, stored, or otherwise processed or used by electronic means or in electronic form. (2) This part applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct.

A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement.

A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form.

A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation.

If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (4) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

Electronic signature means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.

The act applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct.

A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement.

The act does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: (a) A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts; or (b) The Uniform Commercial Code other than article 2 and article 2A. (3) The act applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of the act under subsection (2) of this section to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in subsection (2) of this section.

A transaction subject to the act is also subject to other applicable substantive law.

The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act applies to any electronic record or electronic signature created, generated, sent, communicated, received, or stored on or after July 13, 2000.

If a sender inhibits the ability of a recipient to store or print an electronic record, the electronic record is not enforceable against the recipient.

If parties have agreed to conduct a transaction by electronic means and a law requires a person to provide, send, or deliver information in writing to another person, the requirement is satisfied if the information is provided, sent, or delivered, as the case may be, in an electronic record capable of retention by the recipient at the time of receipt. An electronic record is not capable of retention by the recipient if the sender or its information processing system inhibits the ability of the recipient to print or store the electronic record.

The requirements of this section may not be varied by agreement, but: (a) To the extent a law other than the act requires information to be provided, sent, or delivered in writing but permits that requirement to be varied by agreement, the requirement under subsection (1) of this section that the information be in the form of an electronic record capable of retention may also be varied by agreement; and (b) A requirement under a law other than the act to send, communicate, or transmit a record by first-class mail, postage prepaid or regular United States mail, may be varied by agreement to the extent permitted by the other law.

Transaction means an action or set of actions occurring between two or more persons relating to the conduct of business, commercial, or governmental affairs.

If a law requires a signature or record to be notarized, acknowledged, verified, or made under oath, the requirement is satisfied if the electronic signature of the person authorized to perform those acts, together with all other information required to be included by other applicable law, is attached to or logically associated with the signature or record.

Electronic signature means a unique access code or other unique electronic identifier assigned or approved by the state agency for use in communications with the state agency

This section shall not be construed to invalidate digital signatures, electronic signatures, or electronic communications which are valid under any other applicable law.

In any written communication in which a signature is required or used, any party to the communication may affix a signature by use of a digital signature that complies with the requirements of this section. The use of a digital signature shall have the same force and effect as the use of a manual signature if and only if it embodies all of the following attributes: (a) It is unique to the person using it; (b) It is capable of verification; (c) It is under the sole control of the person using it; (d) It is linked to data in such a manner that if the data is changed, the digital signature is invalidated; and (e) It conforms to rules and regulations adopted and promulgated by the Secretary of State.

Digital signature means an electronic identifier, created by computer, intended by the person using it to have the same force and effect as a manual signature

Unless otherwise provided by law, the use or acceptance of a digital signature or an electronic signature shall be at the option of the parties to the communication. This section shall not be construed to require a person to use or permit the use of a digital signature or electronic signature.

Sections 86-612 to 86-643 shall be known and may be cited as the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act.

7. a. A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. b. A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. c. If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. d. If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

b. This act applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct.

b. This act does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by a law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils or testamentary trusts. c. This act does not apply to: (1) court orders or notices or official court documents (including briefs, pleadings and other writings) required to be executed in connection with court proceedings; (2) any notice of: (a) the cancellation or termination of utility services (including water, heat and power); (b) the default, acceleration, repossession, foreclosure or eviction, or the right to cure, under a credit agreement secured by, or a rental agreement for, a primary residence of an individual; (c) the cancellation or termination of health insurance benefits or life insurance benefits (excluding annuities); or (d) the recall of a product, or material failure of a product, that risks endangering health or safety; or (3) any document required to accompany any transportation or handling of hazardous materials, pesticides or other toxic or dangerous materials.

c. A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement.

a. An electronic record or electronic signature is attributable to a person if it was the act of the person. The act of the person may be shown in any manner, including a showing of the efficacy of any security procedure applied to determine the person to which the electronic record or electronic signature was attributable. b. The effect of an electronic record or electronic signature attributed to a person under subsection a. of this section is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances at the time of its creation, execution or adoption, including the parties' agreement, if any, and as otherwise provided by law.

e. A transaction subject to this act is subject also to other applicable substantive law.

d. This act applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this act under subsection b. of this section to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in subsection b. of this section.

We reject the argument advanced by Restaurant.com that the transactions between it and plaintiffs cannot be considered consumer contracts because they are not in writing. In 2001, the Legislature enacted the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA), N.J.S.A. 12A:12-1 to -26, to address the steady shift from traditional paper transactions to electronic transactions. See L. 2001, c. 116, § 6. The UETA governs transactions between parties who have agreed to conduct their transaction by electronic means. N.J.S.A. 12A:12-5(b). According to the UETA, a contract cannot “be denied legal effect ... solely because an electronic record was used in its formation.” N.J.S.A. 12A:12-7(b).

2. In accordance with this section unless specifically provided otherwise by law, an electronic signature may be used by a person in lieu of a signature affixed by hand. The use of an electronic signature shall have the same validity and effect as the use of a signature affixed by hand.

§ 307. Exceptions. This article shall not apply: * 1. To any document providing for the disposition of an individual's person or property upon death or incompetence, or appointing a fiduciary of an individual's person or property, including, without limitation, wills, trusts, decisions consenting to orders not to resuscitate, and powers of attorney, with the exception of: (a) contractual beneficiary designations; (b) the registration of making, amending, or revoking an anatomical gift under section forty-three hundred ten of the public health law; (c) documents and forms authorizing or accepting funeral, cemetery and cremation services; and (d) the execution of a valid power of attorney for the purpose of transferring a salvage certificate of title and the execution of an odometer and damage disclosure statement in connection with such title whenever a loss in connection with a private automobile is determined by an insurer to be a total loss or constructive total loss under section three thousand four hundred twelve of the insurance law. * NB Effective until December 12, 2027

2. To any negotiable instruments and other instruments of title wherein possession of the instrument is deemed to confer title, unless an electronic version of such record is created, stored or transferred pursuant to this article in a manner that allows for the existence of only one unique, identifiable and unalterable version which cannot be copied except in a form that is readily identifiable as a copy.

1. The electronic facilitator shall establish rules and regulations governing the use of electronic signatures and authentication. The electronic facilitator shall not establish rules or regulations that seek to apportion fault or impose or limit liability relating to the use of electronic signatures.

3. An electronic record shall have the same force and effect as those records not produced by electronic means.

In any legal proceeding where the provisions of the civil practice law and rules are applicable, an electronic record or electronic signature may be admitted into evidence pursuant to the provisions of article forty-five of the civil practice law and rules including, but not limited to section four thousand five hundred thirty-nine of such law and rules.

3. To any other document that the electronic facilitator has specifically excepted, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the electronic facilitator, from the application of this article.

1. To any document providing for the disposition of an individual's person or property upon death or incompetence, or appointing a fiduciary of an individual's person or property, including, without limitation, wills, unless such will is executed pursuant to part six of article three of the estates, powers and trusts law, trusts, decisions consenting to orders not to resuscitate, and powers of attorney, with the exception of: (a) contractual beneficiary designations; (b) the registration of making, amending, or revoking an anatomical gift under section forty-three hundred ten of the public health law; (c) documents and forms authorizing or accepting funeral, cemetery and cremation services; and (d) the execution of a valid power of attorney for the purpose of transferring a salvage certificate of title and the execution of an odometer and damage disclosure statement in connection with such title whenever a loss in connection with a private automobile is determined by an insurer to be a total loss or constructive total loss under section three thousand four hundred twelve of the insurance law. * NB Effective December 12, 2027

§ 309. Use of electronic records and signatures to be voluntary. Nothing in this article shall require any entity or person to use an electronic record or an electronic signature unless otherwise provided by law.

2. "Electronic record" shall mean information, evidencing any act, transaction, occurrence, event, or other activity, produced or stored by electronic means and capable of being accurately reproduced in forms perceptible by human sensory capabilities. 3. "Electronic signature" shall mean an electronic sound, symbol, or process, attached to or logically associated with an electronic record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.

§ 303. Electronic facilitator. 1. The office of information technology services shall be the electronic facilitator and administer this article. In addition to the authority, duties and responsibilities set forth in article one of this chapter, the electronic facilitator shall have the authority, duties and responsibilities granted in this article.

§ 301. Short title. This article shall be known and may be cited as the "electronic signatures and records act".

A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. (b) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. (c) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law provided it complies with the provisions of this Article.

(a) This Article does not require a record or signature to be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, stored, or otherwise processed or used by electronic means or in electronic form. (b) This Article applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsections (b), (c), and (e) of this section, this Article applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction. (b) This Article does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: (1) A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts. (2) Chapter 25 of the General Statutes other than G.S. 25-1-306, Article 2, and Article 2A. (3) Article 11A of Chapter 66 of the General Statutes.

(c) This Article applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this Article under subsection (b) of this section to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in subsection (b) of this section. (d) A transaction subject to this Article is also subject to other applicable substantive law.

Reciprocal attorneys' fees provisions in business contracts are valid and enforceable for the recovery of reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses only if all of the parties to the business contract sign the contract by hand or with one of the following:

(d) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law provided it complies with the provisions of this Article.

(9) "Electronic signature" means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to, or logically associated with, a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.

This Article shall not apply to: (1) Any notice of the cancellation or termination of utility services, including water, heat, and power. (2) Any notice of default, acceleration, repossession, foreclosure or eviction, or the right to cure, under a credit agreement secured by, or a rental agreement for, a primary residence of an individual. (3) Any notice of the cancellation or termination of health insurance or benefits, or life insurance or benefits, excluding annuities. (4) Any notice of the recall of a product, or material failure of a product that risks endangering health or safety. (5) Any document required to accompany the transportation or handling of hazardous materials, pesticides, or other toxic or dangerous materials.

A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement.

(d) Except as otherwise provided in this Article, the effect of any of its provisions may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this Article of the words "unless otherwise agreed", or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement. (e) Whether an electronic record or electronic signature has legal consequences is determined by this Article and other applicable law.

(1) An electronic signature, as defined in G.S. 66-312, if the party's electronic signature originates from an affirmative action on the part of the party to evidence acceptance and execution such as typing the party's signature or writing the party's signature with a finger or stylus on a touchscreen to indicate acceptance and execution. (2) A manual signature that is delivered by an electronic reproductive image thereof.

(1) Business contract. - A contract entered into primarily for business or commercial purposes. The term does not include a consumer contract, an employment contract, or a contract to which a government or a governmental agency of this State is a party.

A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because the record or signature is in electronic form.

A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in the contract's formation. - If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. - If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

This chapter does not require a record or signature to be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, stored, or otherwise processed or used by electronic means or in electronic form. - This chapter applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct transactions by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct.

If a party agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means, this chapter does not prohibit the party from refusing to conduct other transactions by electronic means. This subsection may not be varied by agreement.

Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the effect of any of this chapter's provisions may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this chapter of the words "unless otherwise agreed", or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement. - Whether an electronic record or electronic signature has legal consequences is determined by this chapter and other applicable law.

R.C. 1306.01(H) defines "Electronic signature" as “an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record. A signature that is secured through blockchain technology is considered to be in an electronic form and to be an electronic signature.”

R.C. 1306.06(A) (“A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or -19- enforceability solely because it is in electronic form.”)

But, the parties’ email exchange contemplated that the parties would sign a formal document. Thus, in determining whether the statute of frauds is satisfied, the question becomes whether the parties intended to enter into a contract at the time of the email exchanges.

“If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.” R.C. 1306.06(D).

Indeed, the Ohio Uniform Electronic Transaction Act codified under R.C. Chapter 1306 recognizes the enforceability of electronic records. R.C. 1306.06 provides: (A) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. -9- Case No. 11-17-08 (B) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. (C) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (D) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

A document converted to digital form and remitted by email is an electronic record. As such, the email referenced above creates a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the parties agreed to conduct the transaction by electronic means and create a binding contract under Ohio law. See R.C. 1306.08(B) (“The effect of an electronic record or electronic signature attributed to a person * * * shall -10- Case No. 11-17-08 be determined from the context and surrounding circumstances at the time of its creation, execution, or adoption, including the parties’ agreement, if any, and otherwise as provided by law.”); R.C. 1306.12 (“In a proceeding, evidence of a record or signature may not be excluded solely because it is in electronic form.”); R.C. 1306.07(A) (“If the parties have agreed to conduct a transaction by electronic means and a law requires a person to provide, send, or deliver information in writing to another person, the requirement is satisfied if the information is provided, sent, or delivered, as the case may be, in an electronic record capable of retention by the recipient at the time of receipt.”

A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. (2) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. (3) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (4) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

ORS 84.001 to 84.061 apply only to transactions between parties, each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties’ conduct.

A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement. (4) Except as otherwise provided in ORS 84.001 to 84.061, the effect of any provision of ORS 84.001 to 84.061 may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of ORS 84.001 to 84.061 of the words “unless otherwise agreed,” or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions of ORS 84.001 to 84.061 may not be varied by agreement.

Except as otherwise provided in subsection (2) of this section, ORS 84.001 to 84.061 apply to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction. (2) ORS 84.001 to 84.061 do not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: (a) A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils or testamentary trusts; or (b) The Uniform Commercial Code other than ORS chapters 72 and 72A.

ORS 84.001 to 84.061 apply to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of ORS 84.001 to 84.061 under subsection (2) of this section to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in subsection (2) of this section.

(a) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. (b) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation.

(c) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (d) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

(b) This chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: (1) A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts; or (2) Title 6A other than §§ 6A-1-107 and 6A-1-206, chapter 2 of title 6A, and chapter 2.1 of title 6A;

(c) This chapter applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this chapter under subsection (b) to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in subsection (b). (d) A transaction subject to this chapter is also subject to other applicable substantive law.

(b) This chapter applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties conduct.

(c) A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement.

(8) “Electronic signature” means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.

This chapter applies to any electronic record or electronic signature created, generated, sent, communicated, received, or stored on or after July 13, 2000. Any electronic record or electronic signature created, generated, sent, communicated, received, or stored prior to the effective date of this chapter, but on or after the effective date of the Electronic Signatures and Records Act (formerly chapter 127 of this title) which this replaces, shall be subject to the terms of the Electronic Signatures and Records Act as it stood at the time of that creation, generation, sending, communication, reception, or storage.

(a) An electronic record or electronic signature is attributable to a person if it was the act of the person. The act of the person may be shown in any manner, including a showing of the efficacy of any security procedure applied to determine the person to who the electronic record or electronic signature was attributable.

(c) If a sender inhibits the ability of a recipient to store or print an electronic record, the electronic record is not enforceable against the recipient.

unless the promise or agreement upon which the action shall be brought, or some note or memorandum thereof, shall be in writing, and signed by the party to be charged therewith, or by some other person by him or her thereunto lawfully authorized.

We are entirely unpersuaded by the Loffredos’ contention that the mélange of telephone calls, text messages, and e-mail communications somehow constitutes a “note or memorandum * * * in writing, and signed by the party to be charged therewith,” as the Statute of Frauds so explicitly requires.

existence of a signature in the abstract is not the relevant question in assessing compliance with the statute of frauds. Instead, this Court looks to the written note or memorandum at issue

The plaintiff argues that defendant’s attorney’s signature on an email agreeing to the terms of the purchase and sales agreement constitutes a memorandum sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds; however, the existence of a signature in the abstract is not the relevant question in assessing compliance with the statute of frauds.

Very significantly, however, as the Loffredos conceded in their answers to interrogatories, the proposed purchase and sales document lacks a signature from the Shapiros, who were the parties to be charged.

If parties have agreed to conduct a transaction by electronic means and a law requires a person to provide, send, or deliver information, in writing, to another person, the requirement is satisfied if the information is provided, sent, or delivered, as the case may be, in an electronic record capable of retention by the recipient at the time of receipt. An electronic record is not capable of retention by the recipient if the sender or its information processing system inhibits the ability of the recipient to print or store the electronic record.

The requirements of this section may not be varied by agreement, but: (1) To the extent a law other than this chapter requires information to be provided, sent, or delivered in writing but permits that requirement to be varied by agreement, the requirement under subsection (a) that the information be in the form of an electronic record capable of retention may also be varied by agreement; and

Conclusion Accordingly, the trial justice’s judgment granting the defendant’s motion to dismiss and denying the plaintiff’s motion to amend is affirmed. We remand the papers to the Superior Court.

Except as otherwise provided in § 53-12-3 , this chapter applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction.

This chapter applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct.

This chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: (1) The Uniform Probate Code or other law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts; (2) The Uniform Commercial Code other than §§ 57A-1-107 and 57A-1-206 , and chapters 57A-2 , 57A-2A , and 57A-9 ; and (3) Transactions under chapter 15-6 or other transactions involving the Unified Judicial System.

(a) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. (b) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. (c) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (d) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

(b) This chapter applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct. (c) A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement. (d) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the effect of any of its provisions may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this chapter of the words "unless otherwise agreed," or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement. (e) Whether an electronic record or electronic signature has legal consequences is determined by this chapter and other applicable law.

(a) An electronic record or electronic signature is attributable to a person if it was the act of the person. The act of the person may be shown in any manner, including a showing of the efficacy of any security procedure applied to determine the person to which the electronic record or electronic signature was attributable. (b) The effect of an electronic record or electronic signature attributed to a person under Subsection (a) is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances at the time of its creation, execution, or adoption, including the parties' agreement, if any, and otherwise as provided by law.

(a) If a law requires that a record be retained, the requirement is satisfied by retaining an electronic record of the information in the record which: (1) accurately reflects the information set forth in the record after it was first generated in its final form as an electronic record or otherwise; and (2) remains accessible for later reference. (b) A requirement to retain a record in accordance with Subsection (a) does not apply to any information the sole purpose of which is to enable the record to be sent, communicated, or received. (c) A person may satisfy Subsection (a) by using the services of another person if the requirements of that subsection are satisfied. (d) If a law requires a record to be presented or retained in its original form, or provides consequences if the record is not presented or retained in its original form, that law is satisfied by an electronic record retained in accordance with Subsection (a). (e) If a law requires retention of a check, that requirement is satisfied by retention of an electronic record of the information on the front and back of the check in accordance with Subsection (a). (f) A record retained as an electronic record in accordance with Subsection (a) satisfies a law requiring a person to retain a record for evidentiary, audit, or like purposes, unless a law enacted after January 1, 2002, specifically prohibits the use of an electronic record for the specified purpose. (g) This section does not preclude a governmental agency of this state from specifying additional requirements for the retention of a record subject to the agency's jurisdiction.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in Subsections (b) and (e), this chapter applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction. (b) This chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: (1) a law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts; or (2) the Uniform Commercial Code, other than Sections 1.107 and 1.206 and Chapters 2 and 2A .

(c) If a sender inhibits the ability of a recipient to store or print an electronic record, the electronic record is not enforceable against the recipient.

(8) "Electronic signature" means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.

(a) A promise or agreement described in Subsection (b) of this section is not enforceable unless the promise or agreement, or a memorandum of it, is (1) in writing; and (2) signed by the person to be charged with the promise or agreement or by someone lawfully authorized to sign for him.

A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

This chapter applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether or not the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct.

This chapter does not apply to: a transaction to the extent it is governed by a law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts; Title 70A, Uniform Commercial Code , other than: Section 70A-1a-306 ; and Title 70A, Chapter 2, Uniform Commercial Code - Sales , and Title 70A, Chapter 2a, Uniform Commercial Code - Leases

Except as otherwise provided in Subsection (2) , this chapter applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction.

This chapter applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this chapter under Subsection (2) to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in Subsection (2) . A transaction subject to this chapter is also subject to other applicable substantive law.

A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by Subsection (3)(a) may not be waived by agreement.

(a) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. (b) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. (c) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (d) If a law requires a signature, or provides for certain consequences in the absence of a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.

This chapter applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct. Except for a separate and optional agreement the primary purpose of which is to authorize a transaction to be conducted by electronic means, an agreement to conduct a transaction electronically may not be contained in a standard form contract unless that term is conspicuously displayed and separately consented to. An agreement to conduct a transaction electronically may not be inferred solely from the fact that a party has used electronic means to pay an account or register a purchase warranty. This subsection may not be varied by agreement.

This chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: (1) A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts; and (2) Title 8.1A except § 8.1A-306 , Title 8.3A, Title 8.4, Title 8.4A, Title 8.5A, Title 8.7, Title 8.8A, Title 8.9A, Title 8.10, and Title 8.11. (c) This chapter applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this chapter under subsection (b) to the extent it is governed by law other than those specified in subsection (b). (d) A transaction subject to this chapter is also subject to other applicable substantive law.

(c) A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement.

"Electronic signature" means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.

(1) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. (2) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation. (3) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law. (4) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law. [ 2020 c 57 s 7.]

(1) This chapter does not require a record or signature to be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, stored, or otherwise processed or used by electronic means or in electronic form. (2) This chapter applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct. (3) A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement. (4) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the effect of any of its provisions may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this chapter of the words "unless otherwise agreed," or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement. (5) Whether an electronic record or electronic signature has legal consequences is determined by this chapter and other applicable law. [ 2020 c 57 s 5.]

(1) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (2) of this section, this chapter applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction. (2) This chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: (a) A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts. However, this chapter applies to nonjudicial settlement agreements under RCW 11.96A.220; and (b) Title 62A RCW other than RCW 62A.1-306 and chapters 62A.2 and 62A.2A RCW. (3) This chapter applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this chapter under subsection (2) of this section to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in subsection (2) of this section. (4) A transaction subject to this chapter is also subject to other applicable substantive law. [ 2024 c 188 s 17; 2020 c 57 s 3.]

(1) An electronic record or electronic signature is attributable to a person if it was the act of the person. The act of the person may be shown in any manner, including a showing of the efficacy of any security procedure applied to determine the person to which the electronic record or electronic signature was attributable. (2) The effect of an electronic record or electronic signature attributed to a person under subsection (1) of this section is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances at the time of its creation, execution, or adoption, including the parties' agreement, if any, and otherwise as provided by law. [ 2020 c 57 s 9.]

(9) "Electronic record" means a record created, generated, sent, communicated, received, or stored by electronic means. (10) "Electronic signature" means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.

(16) "Security procedure" means a procedure employed for the purpose of verifying that an electronic signature, record, or performance is that of a specific person or for detecting changes or errors in the information in an electronic record. The term includes a procedure that requires the use of algorithms or other codes, identifying words or numbers, encryption, or callback or other acknowledgment procedures.

(18) "Transaction" means an action or set of actions occurring between two or more persons relating to the conduct of business, commercial, or governmental affairs. [ 2020 c 57 s 2.]

This chapter applies to any electronic record or electronic signature created, generated, sent, communicated, received, or stored on or after June 11, 2020. [ 2020 c 57 s 4.]

(3) If a sender inhibits the ability of a recipient to store or print an electronic record, the electronic record is not enforceable against the recipient. (4) The requirements of this section may not be varied by agreement, but: (a) To the extent a law other than this chapter requires information to be provided, sent, or delivered in writing but permits that requirement to be varied by agreement, the requirement under subsection (1) of this section that the information be in the form of an electronic record capable of retention may also be varied by agreement; and (b) A requirement under a law other than this chapter to send, communicate, or transmit a record by regular United States mail may be varied by agreement to the extent permitted by the other law. [ 2020 c 57 s 8.]

(1) A record or signature may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. 137.15(2) (2) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation.

Except as otherwise provided in sub. (3) , this chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by: 137.12(2)(a) (a) Any law governing the execution of wills or the creation of testamentary trusts; 137.12(2)(b) (b) Chapters 401 and 403 to 410 , other than s. 401.306 .

“Electronic signature” means an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.

To the extent that it is excluded from the scope of 15 USC 7003 , this chapter does not apply to a notice to the extent that it is governed by a law requiring the furnishing of any notice of:

This chapter does not apply to any of the following records or any transaction evidenced by any of the following records: 137.12(2m)(a) (a) Records governed by any law relating to adoption, divorce, or other matters of family law. 137.12(2m)(b) (b) Notices provided by a court. 137.12(2m)(c) (c) Court orders. 137.12(2m)(d) (d) Official court documents, including briefs, pleadings, and other writings, required to be executed in connection with court proceedings.

The cancellation or termination of utility services, including water, heat, and power service. 137.12(2r)(b) (b) Default, acceleration, repossession, foreclosure, or eviction, or the right to cure, under a credit agreement secured by or a rental agreement for a primary residence of an individual;

This chapter applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this chapter under subs. (2) , (2m) , and (2r) to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in subs. (2) , (2m) , and (2r) .